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What Is an HSA?
An HSA is a tax-favored account used to pay for qualified medical expenses in conjunction with an HDHP. Unlike with flexible spending accounts (FSAs), which are designed to cover current out-of-pocket medical costs, the money in HSAs never expires and can be used to pay for health care expenses now and in retirement. HSAs may be offered through your employer or purchased directly if you are eligible. They can be established at a bank, insurance company, or IRS-recognized third-party administrator.
Please note: You cannot participate in a general health FSA while also contributing to an HSA.
Generally, contributions to an HSA are tax deductible. Their earnings accumulate tax deferred, and withdrawals are tax free if used to pay for qualified expenses. If, before you turn 65, you withdraw funds from an HSA that are not used for qualified medical expenses, the withdrawal will be subject to a 20 percent penalty, in addition to income tax. After age 65, withdrawals not used for qualified medical expenses are no longer subject to the 20 percent penalty.
Who Is Eligible?
To establish an HSA, you must be covered by an eligible HDHP. For 2020, this is defined as a plan for which the family annual deductible minimum is at least $2,800 ($1,400 for an individual), and the annual out-of-pocket costs are limited to $13,800 for family coverage ($6,900 for an individual). Your health care benefit provider can confirm whether your plan is considered an HDHP that is eligible for an HSA.
You are generally not eligible to contribute to an HSA if:
You are enrolled in Medicare
You are claimed as a dependent by another taxpayer
You are covered by someone else’s nonconsumer-directed health plan
You are covered by a general health FSA or a Health Reimbursement Arrangement (HRA) that pays or reimburses qualified medical expenses
What Are the HSA Contribution Limits?
In 2020, the HSA contribution limits are $7,100 for a family account and $3,550 for an individual account. If you are 55 or older, you may make an additional catch-up contribution of $1,000 per tax year. You can contribute to an HSA for the current tax year any time prior to the tax filing date of April 15.
Contributions to an HSA may be made by you, another individual, or your employer. Employer contributions made on your behalf through a cafeteria plan are generally not income taxable to you. If you contribute directly to an HSA, the contributions are considered “above-the-line” deductions, which means you can claim them without itemizing deductions on your tax return. Your tax advisor can provide more information on the tax treatment and deductibility of HSA contributions.
What Medical Expenses Are Covered?
You can make tax-free withdrawals from an HSA for qualified medical expenses for you, your spouse, or other dependents. Eligible expenses include lab fees, prescription drugs, and dental and vision care, as well as out-of-pocket health insurance deductible costs.
You may also use distributions to pay for certain insurance coverage, including:
Long-term care insurance (subject to specific limits and guidelines)
COBRA healthcare continuation coverage
Healthcare coverage while receiving unemployment compensation under federal or state law
Medicare and other healthcare coverage if you are 65 or older (other than premiums for a Medicare supplemental policy, such as a Medigap policy)
Qualified medical expenses are detailed in IRS Publication 502.
Can Both Spouses Contribute to an HSA?
Both spouses can contribute to an HSA if they are covered separately under eligible HDHPs.
May I Take a Distribution from an Existing IRA and Contribute It to an HSA?
You are permitted to take a qualified HSA funding distribution from your traditional IRA or Roth IRA into an HSA once in a lifetime. This must be a trustee-to-trustee transfer. The amount is limited to your maximum HSA contribution for the year minus any contributions you have made for the year. (Distributions are not allowed for SEP IRAs or SIMPLE IRAs.) A benefit of doing this is that there are no required minimum distributions beginning at age 70½ from an HSA. Plus, withdrawals can be taken income tax free when used for qualified medical expenses.
What Other Planning Considerations Should I Be Aware Of?
Because there are no restrictions on when you need to distribute HSA funds, you may wish to pay out-of-pocket health care costs from your current income and allow the HSA to continue to grow tax deferred, reserving those funds to cover medical care in retirement.
HSAs offer several other advantages, including portability, which permits you to take the HSA with you should you leave your current employer. You can also name a beneficiary to inherit the HSA in the event of your death. It’s important to note that your spouse can step into your role upon your death and the account will remain an HSA. If you name a nonspouse beneficiary, however, the account will no longer be considered an HSA, and the inherited amount will be treated as taxable income.
Additional information on HSAs is available in IRS Publication 969.
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This material has been provided for general informational purposes only and does not constitute either tax or legal advice. Although we go to great lengths to make sure our information is accurate and useful, we recommend you consult a tax preparer, professional tax advisor, or lawyer. ©Copyright 2020 Commonwealth Financial Network® Sara Romaine is a financial advisor at Blue Hills Wealth Management. BHWM is located at 300 Crown Colony Drive, Quincy MA. Sara can be reached at 617-471-6800 or sara@bluehillswm.com. Securities and advisory services offered through Commonwealth Financial Network, Member, FINRA/SIPC a registered investment advisor. Fixed insurance products and services and College Planning services offered by Blue Hills Wealth Management and College Funding Solutions are separate and unrelated to Commonwealth.
